The Implementation Of Economic Value Added Eva Performance Measures Accounting Essay Example For Students

The Implementation Of Economic Value Added Eva Performance Measures Accounting Essay Outline1 Abstraction2 Key words3 Introduction4 Statement of the research job5 Literature reappraisal6 Theoretical overview7 Definitions8 EVAa„? Uses ( advantages )9 Empirical overview10 Research methodological analysis11 Person12 Administration13 Consequences of survey14 Subject 1: Measures to find public presentation15 Subject 2: Calculation of EVAa„?16 Introduction17 Calculation of net income18 Determining the plus base19 Determining the leaden mean cost of capital ( WACC )20 Subject 3: Understanding the nature of concern21 Subject 4: Performance prosodies and the human factor22 Subject 5: Challenges with implementing EVAa„?23 Reasoning comments24 Future work Abstraction To mensurate the fiscal public presentation of a company is an of import challenge. Investors need to cognize how a company perform to be able to do a sound investing. The intent of this survey was to find to what extent EVAa„? is used as a public presentation step by administrations. Furthermore, this probe focused on why EVAa„? is implemented or non implemented in companies and in which sectors it is most likely to be implemented. This survey besides seeks to find why companies utilizing EVAa„? decided to implement EVAa„? . We will write a custom essay on The Implementation Of Economic Value Added Eva Performance Measures Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A literature reappraisal was conducted on what EVAa„? entails, the grounds for implementing EVAa„? or non implementing and how EVAa„? is calculated. A focal point group was held with people from pattern discoursing EVAa„? and challenges environing the execution of EVAa„? . The purpose of this research undertaking is to ship on the development of a research flagship for the Department of Management Accounting at UNISA. The demand to mensurate fiscal public presentation and different prosodies used demand to be investigated to set up the best step for each sector. It was established that assorted public presentation prosodies are used in pattern and that it depends on the nature of an administration. Management demand to understand their administration to be able to implement the proper public presentation metric for their specific administration. It is recommended that companies do a thorough analysis of their administrations, particularly in the larger c ompanies, to help them in doing an informed determination on the proper public presentation metric for their company. Key words EVAa„? , public presentation prosodies, economic value added Introduction The definition of Economic Value Added ( EVAa„? ) is a step of a company s fiscal public presentation based on the residuary wealth calculated by subtracting cost of capital from its operating net income ( adjusted for revenue enhancements on a hard currency footing ) ( Stewart, 1990 ) . The true benefits of EVAa„? materialise when direction understand what profitableness is all about and when they get motivated to better profitableness ( Evanomics, 2011 ) . The end of all companies is to make value for the stockholder. Evanomics ( 2011 ) continue to province that when long-run EVAa„? is maximised, the company will be maximizing its ain value. Harmonizing to Stewart ( 1990 ) EVAa„? may be viewed as a step of value every bit good as a step of public presentation. EVAa„? can be used to: set ends evaluate public presentation determine fillips communicate with investors, and budget for capital outgo ( Stewart, 1990 ) . Damodaran ( 2001 ) suggested that a company demand to maximize a variable correlatives with the value of the company. There are assorted variables which can be employed: Net incomes or return on investing an accounting variable Market portion a selling variable Cash flow return on investing ( CFROI ) a hard currency flow variable Economic Value Added ( EVA ) a risk-adjusted hard currency flow variable ( Damodaran, 2001 ) EVAa„? was developed to counterbalance stockholders with a return on their investing for the hazard they have take ( Makelainen, 1998 ) . Investors may go defeated with companies with a high net income and big capital costs. Therefore EVAa„? may mean to supply the investor with a more acceptable step of a company s public presentation. To avoid the jobs surrounded with the hallmark of the EVA-concept, it is frequently called Economic Net income ( EP ) ( Makelainen, 1998 ) . Makelainen ( 1998 ) continue to province that the construct of EVA is good recognized and frequently all residuary income constructs are called EVA although they are non measured in the same mode as defined by Stern Stewart A ; Co. Hence, intercrossed prosodies exist and are used by companies. Harmonizing to Pietge ( 2003 ) the construct of incorporating a entire capital charge ( EVAa„? ) is by no agencies new. Residual income or economic net income which besides requires a charge for equity capital has been used for decennaries. Pietge ( 2003 ) continues to province that the usage of accounting accommodations in order to cipher EVAa„? and its ability to measure public presentation at divisional degree, are criticized. Therefore, public presentation prosodies may necessitate to be free of accommodations and may necessitate to be able to mensurate public presentation at divisional degree. Statement of the research job EVAa„? is one of a figure of steps available to find an administration s public presentation. The step decided on by an administration will be determined by what a concern is seeking to pull off and the public presentation being measured. This intent of this survey was to find to what extent EVAa„? is used as a public presentation step by administrations. Furthermore, this probe focused on why EVAa„? is implemented or non implemented in companies and in which sectors it is most likely to be implemented. This survey besides seeks to find why companies utilizing EVAa„? decided to implement EVAa„? . The undermentioned bomber jobs were identified and investigated: What organisations understand under the definition of EVAa„? How administrations calculate EVAa„? Deviations from the Stern Stewart EVAa„? theoretical account and intercrossed signifiers of EVAa„? used by administrations. Other methods of ciphering economic net income of companies were besides investigated through this survey that if administrations do non utilize EVAa„? , which other methods do they use. Literature reappraisal In order to obtain background information on the above-named research inquiries that could besides be used to discourse the consequences of the research conducted for the intents of this survey, a elaborate literature reappraisal was conducted. This reappraisal consisted of a theoretical overview every bit good as an empirical overview and is provided below. Theoretical overview The end of all companies is to make value for stockholders. However, how is value measured? Harmonizing to McClure ( 2011 ) companies and their advisers use EVAa„? as the most successful public presentation metric. Financial theory justifies this metric and the metric is consistent with rating rules. Both of the aforementioned are of import to investors when they analyse companies public presentation. EVAa„? every bit good as net incomes per portion ( EPS ) and P/E ratios are scrutinised by investors and analysts. Companies can alter their focal point from company public presentation to divisional public presentation with the usage of EVAa„? ( Stewart, 1990 ) . EVAa„? is recognised as a strong index of a company s portion public presentation. As a consequence of this companies with a high EVAa„? should execute more strongly that those with a poorer EVAa„? given a period of clip. If EVAa„? is expected to drop this acts as a signal to investors, as does an expected rise in EVAa„? , as EVAa„? indicates to investors a output above WACC ( Correira, Flynn, Uliana and Wormald, 2007 ) . Hence, this will run into the demands of both equity and debt investors. Definitions EVAa„? provides an estimation of an administration s economic net income, the value created over and above the needed return of the company s stockholders, hence, reflecting the earned net income of the administration less the cost of financing the administration s capital. Hence, stockholders gain when the return from the capital employed is greater than the cost of that capital. One of the ways this sum can Breggie2011-03-02T17:37:00 Mention? be calculated is by doing accommodations to GAAP book values and subtracting the chance cost of equity capital. EVAa„? may be distinguished from other fiscal public presentation steps such as net net income and net incomes per portion ( EPS ) by finding the net incomes staying after the capital costs of a company both debt and equity are deducted from the operating net income ( McClure, 2011 ) . Hence, net income should account for the cost of capital when ciphering stockholder value. EVAa„? is an estimation of true economic net income or the sum by which net incomes exceed or fall short or the needed minimal rate of return stockholders and loaners could acquire by puting in other securities of comparable hazard. To understand the difference between EVAa„? and net income, an illustration can be used based on a conjectural company, Mariefoo. The company earned R200 000 on a capital base of R2 million through the gross revenues generated by one of their big divisions. Other accounting prosodies suggest that Mariefoo is executing first-class. The company offers a return on capital of 10 % . However, Mariefoo has merely been runing for a twelvemonth, and the market for their merchandises carries significant uncertainness and hazard. Debt obligations together with the needed return that investors need in an early-stage undertaking add up to an investing cost of capital of 13 % . Hence, although Mariefoo s company reflects accounting net incomes, the company in consequence lost 3 % last twelvemonth for its stockholders. Another illustration: if Mariefoo s capital is R200 million, including debt and stockholder equity, and the cost of utilizing the capital ( involvement on debt and the cost of subventioning the equity ) is R26 million a twelvemonth, economic value will merely be gained for Mariefoo s stockholders when net incomes are more than R26 million a twelvemonth. Therefore, if Mariefoo earns R40 million, the company s EVAa„? will be R14 million. EVAa„? . A concealed chance cost exists for investors to counterbalance them for give uping the usage of their ain hard currency. EVAa„? includes this concealed cost of capital whereas conventional steps ignore it. Hence, EVAa„? measures gain the manner stockholders define it ( McClure, 2011. EVAa„? is a registered hallmark which refines residuary income by including accommodations to the divisional fiscal public presentation step for deformations introduced by GAAP. It is used largely in companies with divisions and is derived at by get downing with divisional net incomes plus or minus accounting accommodations less a cost of capital charge on divisional governable assets. The divisional net income should be calculated before fanciful involvement charges. Other accommodations are made to replace historic accounting entries with an sum that approximates economic net income and plus values. There are one-hundred-and-sixty possible accommodations which can be made, nevertheless, most administrations will necessitate to do at least 10 accommodations e.g. the capitalization of many discretional disbursals such as R A ; D, selling and advertisement to guarantee that costs and benefits lucifer. These accommodations are made to deduce managerial information closer to econ omic world ( Correira et al. 2007, Drury, 2007 ) . The accommodations to the definition of EVAa„? are made merely in those instances that pass the four trials ( Correira et al. , 2007, Drury, 2007 ) : Is it probably to hold a material impact on EVAa„? ? Can the directors influence the result? Can the operating people readily hold on it? Is the needed information comparatively easy to track or deduce? EVAa„? = Net Operating Net income after Tax ( Capital x Cost of Capital ) The above appears straightforward and simple, but ciphering EVAa„? can be lead oning. First, NOPAT about neer represents a reliable index of stockholder wealth. NOPAT might demo profitableness harmonizing to the by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) , nevertheless accounting net incomes rarely reflect the staying sum of hard currency twelvemonth terminal for stockholders. Calculating the WACC is even more complex. WACC is a map of the capital construction ( proportion of debt and equity on the balance sheet ) ; the volatility of stock is measured through its beta, and the market hazard premium. A little alteration in these may ensue in big alterations in the concluding WACC computation ( McClure, 2011 ) . EVAa„? Uses ( advantages ) It is claimed that by implementing a complete EVAa„?-based fiscal direction and inducement compensation system, directors will obtain superior information and superior motive to do determinations that will make the greatest stockholder wealth in any publically owned or private endeavor. Further advantages include inter alia ( Correira et al.,2007 ) : Evaluate ( and wagess ) corporate and divisional directors on the wealth created in the division, accordingly alining the involvement of directors with those of the stockholders. Good estimate of managerial public presentation and behavior in administrations best involvement. Makes directors cognizant that capital has a cost helping in determinations of disposal of under-utilised assets that do non cover costs, makes directors care about pull offing assets every bit good as income, and aid to measure the tradeoffs between the two. Senior directors concentrate on the bringing of stockholder value ( maximize the wealth of its stockholders. ) ROI and therefore EVAa„? steps are surrogates for alterations in market value/share value. Conceptually simple and easy to explicate to non-financial directors. EVAa„? links determination doing with common focal point how to better EVAa„? ? EVAa„? provides a common linguistic communication for all employees and allows direction determinations to be modelled, monitored, communicated and compensated in a individual and consistent manner ever in footings of the value added to stockholders investing. .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 , .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .postImageUrl , .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 , .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:hover , .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:visited , .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:active { border:0!important; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:active , .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133 .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub44194f37846545971230cee7e858133:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Inflation Argumentative EssayThis attack has proved effectual in virtually all types of administrations, from emerging growing companies to turnarounds. This is because the current degree of EVAa„? is non truly of import. Current public presentation is already reflected in portion monetary values. It is the uninterrupted betterment in EVAa„? that brings uninterrupted additions in stockholder wealth. 300 Administrations ( Drury, 2007 ) world-wide were identified as holding adopted EVAa„? during 1997 including Coca-Cola, GE, AT A ; T, ICL, Boots and the Burton Group. SABMiller is a South African company that implemented EVAa„? system for public presentation measuring. However EVAa„? remains a individual period return hence direction may non be inclined to put in this undertaking due to the short-run effects of EVAa„? . Empirical overview Liapis ( 2010 ) provided a comprehensive overview of the accommodations required to cipher EVAa„? in order to transform the accounting model into an EVAa„? model. Liapis ( 2010 ) suggests accommodations on non-operating points, non-recurring events, on the hard currency footing, and on the economic footing. The major accommodations include accommodations for: Marketable securities and other non-operating assets. These are included in the balance sheet, but excluded from EVAa„? capital as they are non operational. Income derived from these is besides excluded for EVAa„? intents. Operating rentals. In the balance sheet, these are treated as off-balance sheet future committednesss, and rental disbursal is charged to disbursals in the income statement. In EVAa„? capital, the operating rentals are capitalised and added to both assets and debt. In NOPAT, imputed involvement on extra debt is added to NOPAT. Recognised good will. In the balance sheet the net good will is recognised as an plus. In the income statement, an amortization disbursal is charged to net incomes. In EVAa„? capital the cumulative amortization is added back to good will, and in NOPAT no amortization occurs. Unusual additions or losingss. In the balance sheet, these are written down which reduces the plus balance by historical cost. In the income statement, additions and losingss are included in net incomes. In EVAa„? capital, additions cut down capital and unusual losingss are added back. In NOPAT, additions and losingss are non included. Research and development/marketing. In the balance sheet, there is no capitalization recognised, and in the income statement, research and development and selling disbursals are expensed as incurred. In EVAa„? capital such disbursals are capitalised if economic life exceeds accounting rhythm. In NOPAT, the capitalised disbursals are amortised over the economic life of the plus. ( Liapis, 2010 ) Sharma and Kumar ( 2010 ) did a comprehensive literature reappraisal of articles covering with the theory and application of EVAa„? over the past 15 old ages. They classified the literature on EVAa„? into seven sub-themes: EVAa„? and stock returns, which includes articles on the relationship between company public presentation and EVAa„? , and EVAa„? compared to other public presentation steps. EVAa„?-MVA ( market value added ) relationship, which includes literature look intoing the correlativity between EVAa„? and MVA, and EVAa„? as placeholder for MVA. Managerial behavior and public presentation direction, concentrating on literature on wealth creative activity, direction inducements and public presentation rating. Concept, unfavorable judgment and execution, which covers literature on EVAa„? as tool to ease fiscal direction and fiscal scheme preparation. Value direction and value based direction, including the creative activity and measuring of value. Dismissing attacks, which investigates the relationship between EVAa„? and NPV ( net nowadays value ) , and the impact of rising prices, and rapprochement between EVAa„? and other fluctuations of discounted hard currency flow rating. Literature study surveies covering comprehensive literature study are covered in this class. Harmonizing to Sharma and Kumar ( 2010 ) , the bulk of research ( more than 50 % or articles reviewed ) was conducted on the relationship between EVAa„? and stock returns. It hence appears that the bulk of research focal points on the value of EVAa„? as an index of value to external investors, as opposed to EVAa„? merely being a tool for internal public presentation measuring, possibly on a divisional footing within the administration. An overview on the literature on the subject indicates that EVAa„? is more appropriate and applicable in a capital intensive environment. Deo and Mukherjee ( 2009 ) did research on the perceptual experience of Fortune 1000 houses of EVAa„? , and found that 90 % of respondents agreed that EVAa„? is more appropriate in capital intensive administrations such as fabricating instead than in an environment where administrations rely on rational capital. Silverman ( 2010 ) besides investigated the rightness of EVAa„? in a high engineering environment. He found that deliberate equity values based on EVAa„? were significantly lower than the market values of the same administrations, even in instances where research and development costs were adjusted and capitalised. In certain instances the market value was about dual the intrinsic value of these administrations. Kaur and Narang ( 2009 ) did EVAa„? computations on a sample of 104 outstanding administrations in India, and found that about 50 % of the sampled companies clearly destroyed the wealth of its stockholders. Although Kaur and Narang ( 2009 ) suggested methods of bettering the EVAa„? of these administrations, their determination could besides bespeak that EVAa„? is non a dependable step of public presentation and value. Methods suggested included the lowering of an administration s cost of capital, improved operational efficiency, selling off unproductive assets and optimizing the debt/equity ratio of the administration. However, if one assumes the truth of the corporate wisdom of investors in these administrations, Kaur and Narang s ( 2009 ) findings may besides be an indicant that EVAa„? may non be the best index of value and that alternate prosodies should be investigated. Chari ( 2009 ) did a comprehensive literature reappraisal on different public presentation steps used by companies, concentrating on a comparing between EVAa„? and other public presentation steps. Her most of import findings are the undermentioned: The nature and figure of accounting accommodations done for computation of EVAa„? is tailored to accommodate the demands of the company that is implementing it. No two companies calculate EVAa„? in the same mode. This position is advocated and practiced by its advocates besides ( Chari 2009 ) . On the inquiry of high quality of EVAa„? over other steps originating due to accounting accommodations, the surveies conclude that out of the entire 165 accommodations, merely 5-6 accounting accommodations contribute to important difference in EVAa„? . The others are immaterial ( Chari 2009 ) . Merely six of the 10 surveies reviewed concluded that EVAa„? as a step of public presentation was superior to others. Holler ( 2008 ) investigated the information content of the value-based steps RI ( residuary income ) and EVAa„? , and two standard indexs used by investors, net incomes and hard currency flow from operations, to turn to the inquiry: Have value-based steps late gained high quality to traditional steps in explicating contemporary stock returns or house value? . Holler ( 2008 ) found that net incomes and its closest value-based step, residuary income or RI, continue to surpass EVAa„? as index of administration value, and that EVAa„? was likely non superior to other steps as index of wealth. In add-on, the figure of accounting accommodations required for EVAa„? computations could be regarded as a important disadvantage of utilizing EVAa„? as public presentation step. Deo and Mukherjee ( 2009 ) did research on how Fortune 1000 administrations view EVAa„? . Deo and Mukherjee ( 2009 ) received merely 21 useable responses despite directing multiple reminders. This may be an indicant that a immense figure of administrations are non committed to EVAa„? , as one would anticipate that an administration utilizing EVAa„? would besides demo involvement in finishing a research questionnaire on EVAa„? . Deo and Mukherjee s research identified the undermentioned strengths of EVAa„? : EVAa„? is a dependable internal step EVAa„? provides right inducements for apportioning resources EVAa„? is better than traditional accounting steps. With respect to failings, the following were identified: EVAa„? is non for all administrations. The computational procedure of EVAa„? is complex EVAa„? is a short-run step EVAa„? is more effectual when used with other steps. Research methodological analysis A squad of 8 people from Unisa s Department of Management Accounting and the Bureau of Market Research joined expertness in this research undertaking. Qualitative research, and here specifically concentrate groups ( Morgan, 1997 ) was chosen as the preferable method of research. The method was chosen since the squad wanted to prosecute in a treatment with stakeholders in the field in order to get at an in-depth apprehension of the grounds why EVAa„? is implemented or non whereas a questionnaire may merely ensue in specific replies and no treatment. The research squad is look intoing why EVAa„? is non implemented in companies and in which sectors it is most likely to be implemented. A focal point group was organised for the 16th of February 2011 to set up the following from focus group participants: What do you understand under the definition of EVAa„? ? Make you utilize EVAa„? or any other method similar to EVAa„? ? If yes, why do you utilize EVAa„? ? If you use EVAa„? , how do you cipher it? If no, which method do you use? In which sector harmonizing to your experience is EVAa„? more efficient? The undermentioned people were invited: Person Administration Mr s Walter Ho and Dee Luksmidas CorpActive Mr Chris Wierenga Barloworld Motor Mr Malcolm Heyns Private adviser Dr Patric Naidoo Statisctics South Africa Mr Eric Was ABSA Ms Liana Griesel UNISA Prof Chris Harmse Dynamic Wealth Mr Ludwig Harmse Dynamic Wealth 11 JSE listed companies Mr s Ho, Luksmidas, Heyns, 4 people from Statistics South Africa attended the focal point group together with the research squad. A Dictaphone was used to enter the treatment and was distributed via Cadmium to the research squad members. The members listened to the recording and identified 24 subjects. After the original subjects were identified they were categorised into 5 chief subjects and the staying subjects were indicated as bomber subjects. After once more listening to the recording, inside informations from the treatments were added to the subjects and subthemes. Consequences of survey The consequences of the survey were categorised into 5 subjects that surfaced during the focal point group. Subject 1: Measures to find public presentation It is apparent from the focal point group treatment that there are a big figure of steps available to find organizational public presentation. Such steps include inter alia economic value added ( EVAa„? ) , economic net income ( EP ) , free hard currency flow ( FCF ) , hard currency flow return on investing ( CFROI, originally developed by HOLT Value Associates ) and combinations or loanblends of the mentioned steps. The step decided on will be determined by what a concern is seeking to pull off and the public presentation that is measured. The public presentation step selected should guarantee that the aim of the concern ( who or what is measured ) is attained. Harmonizing to Luksmidas ( 2011 ) , the chief utilizations of public presentation measurings are to increase stockholders value and pull off the public presentation of people and divisions. Ho ( 2011 ) , holding had more than 10 old ages worth of experience in value based direction and stockholder value analysis sphere, noted that ciphering the economic value utilizing FCF would ensue in the same reply as compared to utilizing EVAa„? . The handiness of informations ; direction s demands ; the nature of the concern and the sector in which the concern operates will act upon the public presentation step selected by the concern. Therefore some steps might suit certain administrations better. The overall image needs to be taken into history, where buy-in from the whole concern demands to be obtained for the step selected. Subject 2: Calculation of EVAa„? Introduction The basic computation of EVAa„? involves finding the Net Operating Net income after Tax and so subtracting a capital charge, based on the market value of runing assets. In the treatment of the computation of EVAa„? and economic net income ( Stewart, 1990 ) , we can distinguish between three different facets of the computation: Calculating net income Determining the plus base Determining the WACC Calculation of net income The focal point group agreed that the basic EVAa„? definition of utilizing net operating net income after revenue enhancement is right. There were, nevertheless, assorted positions on the specific accommodations required, and it was apparent that the immense figure of accommodations suggested by Stern and Stewart are non ever considered when ciphering EVAa„? or so, economic net income, in the workplace. With respect to depreciation, the response was that depreciation should non be excluded from the computation of net operating net income after revenue enhancement, even though it did non affect hard currency flow. Where there is an addition in the value of an plus, for illustration fixed belongings, the plus should ideally be re-valued and the addition in value should be reflected in the net operating net income. It was admitted, nevertheless, that it was non practical to appreciate assets on an one-year footing and that a five twelvemonth term for reappraisal was likely more practical. .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 , .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .postImageUrl , .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 , .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:hover , .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:visited , .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:active { border:0!important; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:active , .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6 .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92dfb6fa0784b557d40c62deb97ee9f6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plato Essay SummaryTheoretically long-run disbursals such as research, preparation and selling should be excluded from net runing income and capitalised for EVAa„? intents. This is non ever practical, harmonizing to the positions of the participants. In some instances, the adviser ciphering the economic net income will hold with the client whether these disbursals should be capitalised or non. Research outgo was singled out as a really hard point, because the expected fiscal benefits originating from the research are non ever certain and hence do non needfully warrant the point being capitalised. In footings of traditional EVAa„? , involvement on long-run loans should non be included in the computation of net operating net income after revenue enhancement ( Stewart, 1990 ) , and the involvement salvaging on this involvement should therefore besides be excluded. Some of the participants, nevertheless, confirmed that they did non make this accommodation when ciphering economic net income. They merely used net net income after involvement and revenue enhancement before subtracting a capital charge. Other accommodations, such as smoothing of chunky hard currency flows could besides be considered for old ages where there are important unexpected and one-off hard currency flow points. Determining the plus base The consensus was that the plus base used in the computation of EVAa„? and economic net income consists of non-current assets and net current assets. The long-run funding of these assets are hence non considered. This is in line with the Stern-Steward theoretical account ( Stewart, 1990 ) . Alternatively of utilizing net book value of assets as per the fiscal statements, the market value should instead be used for EVAa„? intents. Some of the accommodations required could include the reappraisal of fixed belongings and other non-current assets. Operating rentals are frequently capitalised every bit good to show a better image of the operating plus base used to bring forth income. Non-operating assets, for illustration lodging provided to staff, are excluded from the EVAa„? computation. Intellectual belongings is in pattern a really hard point to account for in EVAa„? computations. Valuing rational capital is non ever practical, and this is one of the grounds why it is frequently hard to use EVAa„? in human capital-based companies. Determining the leaden mean cost of capital ( WACC ) It was apparent from the treatment that ciphering EVAa„? does non needfully affect the computation of the WACC every bit good. In all the instances, a antecedently determined WACC was provided to the single fixing the EVAa„? computation. It appears that a figure of companies have at some phase prepared a WACC computation, and that this is later used without excessively much inquiring. The participants agreed that WACC should be determined by comparing the company reviewed to similar listed entities and any other benchmark peer company available. It would be more appropriate to utilize mark debt-equity ratios alternatively of existent debt-equity ratios. Typical WACC for larger listed companies could be estimated around 12 % -13 % , and a premium of at least 5 % to 6 % would be added for unlisted medium sized companies. A farther country-specific hazard premium could besides be added if deemed necessary. Subject 3: Understanding the nature of concern The nature of the concern non merely refers to the industry in which the administration is runing, but besides to the phase or season of the life rhythm the administration is presently in and the administration s hazard profile every bit good as the manner it operates. One should besides take into history that the concern and the different concern units are non needfully in the same phase of the life rhythm. An in deepness apprehension of the concern is required to choose the most appropriate public presentation metric and to execute the most accurate computation. Before trying to mensurate public presentation, clip should be invested into the client to understand who and what is being managed by the concern. The chief intent of public presentation measuring is first to increase stockholder wealth and secondly to better people s public presentation. A figure of prosodies might be required to accurately mensurate whether the above-named ends have been met. The economic sector, in which the administration is working, plays a important function in make up ones minding on the most appropriate public presentation metric. The focal point group indicated that there is a important correlativity between turnover, capital outgo and stock list degrees in the capital intensive administrations like excavation, stock list, trade and electricity, while the correlativity is less important in other sectors like concern services, which will act upon the pick of public presentation metric. The focal point group agreed that a capital intensive administration is more suited for the EVAa„? computation than an rational capital based administration. The phase or season of the life rhythm the administration is presently in significantly influences the public presentation metric to be used. The fact that different units in the concern might be on different phases in the life rhythm might necessitate different prosodies. Using the same metric throughout the concern might ensue in an inaccurate computation of public presentation, which might hold a important consequence on determination devising. However, understanding the phase of the different units and choosing the metric consequently will ensue in the computation of a more accurate public presentation index. Prosecuting with the client to derive an apprehension of the concern is of extreme importance to find what accommodations need to be made in the EVAa„? computation and to accurately cipher the WACC. Subject 4: Performance prosodies and the human factor During the focal point group treatments it became apparent that public presentation prosodies are either positively or negatively influenced by the human factor. Prosodies are capable to use: Any prosodies can be manipulated and the use may be based on the purposes of the people running the prosodies. Negative impacts associated with some internal prosodies for case public presentation fillips: EVAa„? promotes the creative activity of a fillip bank ( when consequences are EVAa„?-positive ) whereby an employee may gain a fillip of 10 % and merely a 3rd is paid to the employee and the remainder is banked to incentivise the employee to believe long term. The fillip is paid at a certain point in clip based on past consequences and may therefore non raise a forward looking scheme. The undermentioned illustration was raised during the treatment: If an employee knows he will non be with the company for longer than three old ages, he may seek to maximize his fillip by pull stringsing the public presentation measuring through cut downing capital charges, balance sheet points and accommodations to the hurt of the company. His replacement will necessitate to confront the challenge of retrieving the deficiency of capital investing and reconstructing long term value. Reasons why many general directors are non utilizing EVAa„? : General directors may non be willing to be portion of a certain public presentation metric unless it is included in their cardinal public presentation indexs ( KPI ) and they have control over the allotment and use of assets. Hence it is of import for a company to do certain that the directors KPI s are aligned with the specific public presentation prosodies in topographic point and directors are consulted for input. Span of analysis of company financials. EVAa„? could give rise to short-termism: EVAa„? favours short term undertakings although long term undertakings are normally more profitable. The longer you keep the plus in operation the more the profitable the undertaking will be this came about when ABC-costing was applied to mensurate unit costs. Staff buy-in into prosodies is really of import: A public presentation metric will merely be effectual when you have the necessary employee purchase in into the metric applied by the company. Subject 5: Challenges with implementing EVAa„? EVAa„? suggests a possibility of hundred and 60 accommodations. Therefore it is of import to understand the concern and scheme to implement the of import accommodations. Normally this can be limited to ten accommodations. Adjustments for different states in which the concern operates should besides be considered. It is of import understand that a batch work should be done behind the drapes that informations should be right ( valid/reliable ) and the systems in topographic point to cipher EVAa„? with the other prosodies. Companies should retrieve to understand the costs within the construct of the company, sector and the rhythm of the concern. Before EVAa„? can be calculated, the concern and its scheme demand to be understood hence buy-in from all of import stakeholders are of import. Companies are already fighting to cipher net net income right and EVAa„? made it even more hard. EVAa„? is a long-run procedure, and should be calculated systematically over clip. Sometimes EVAa„? is falsely used by directors as a short-run tool to heighten their ain public presentation usually associated with fillips, without sing the long-run consequence on and value of the company. A good public presentation metric is top-down and bottom-up. EVAa„? can be calculated for each division ( merely if the fiscal information is available per division ) or for the company as a whole. The EVAa„? theory is subjective and can be manipulated and is largely dependent on the moralss of top direction. Adjustments should be implemented systematically and objectively chosen and ca nt be included and excluded on caprice, this will guarantee that the step is bullet cogent evidence. Sometimes accommodations will be included or excluded to understand the consequence of the accommodation. This is besides of import to smooth out the difference between internal and external coverage. It is usually used as a public presentation measuring and hence an inducement for people in commanding places to pull strings the computation. Businesss need to be educated in footings of the EVAa„? method and understanding the EVAa„? construct. Sufficient investing of clip and resources to assist directors understand what EVAa„? is and how it should be used in pull offing their concern. EVAa„? can add value but is complex and non clear cut. It is of import to automatize the EVAa„? computations so that it becomes portion of the monthly coverage to guarantee optimum use of the concern determination tool. Reasoning comments It became apparent during the focal point group treatment that there are a figure of different prosodies to mensurate the fiscal public presentation of a company. A figure of loanblends were besides suggested by the participants in the focal point group. The metric used is dependent on what the company wants to mensurate. The EVAa„? computation is categorised into three stairss, viz. : ciphering the net income ; finding the plus base and finding the WACC. It was agreed that the computation includes a figure of accommodations which are non ever followed. These accommodations are frequently agreed with the administration s direction and rarely hold with the accommodations suggested by Stern and Stewart. It was agreed that the market value instead than the book value should be used for the computation of the plus base. It is besides really hard to set a value on rational capital and hence EVAa„? may non be a suited step for human capital intensive companies. It became apparent that the computation of WACC is non ever calculated concurrent with EVAa„? , nevertheless a preset WACC is frequently used for the EVAa„? computation. To understand a company entails the sector in which it operates every bit good as the seasonal tendencies of the concern. The construct of understanding your concern is really of import when doing an informed determination on which metric to utilize to mensurate fiscal public presentation. Prosecuting with the client to derive an apprehension of the concern is of extreme importance to find what accommodations need to be made in the EVAa„? computation and to accurately cipher the WACC. There are a figure of challenges with the execution of EVAa„? . It became evident that any metric can be capable to use. The human factor may besides take to selfish determinations being made by directors particularly when they know they are non traveling to be with a company much longer. It is of extreme importance that the staff purchase into the metric that is traveling to be used particularly in companies with big capital spendings. If directors do non hold a say about the usage and allotment of the assets, they may non desire to implement EVAa„? . Companies struggle with the computation of net net income and even more with the computation of EVAa„? . The EVAa„? theory is subjective and may be manipulated and may be largely dependent on the moralss of top direction. It was established that EVAa„? is used by companies but that the metric used is industry specific and influenced by the nature of the company. To reason: a good public presentation metric is a top-down and bottom-up metric. Future work Based on the preliminary findings of this research undertaking it became clear that different prosodies are used for fiscal public presentation. More focal point groups with participants from listed companies are planned and based on information gathered from these focal point groups a better apprehension of EVAa„? and other prosodies may be gained.

Repercussions of an introvert personality Essay Example

Repercussions of an introvert personality Essay Example Repercussions of an introvert personality Essay Repercussions of an introvert personality Essay This report aims to explain and justify the repercussions of an introvert personality, remarkably in a job which involves public contact. It is done so by taking into consideration various factors which would affect an individual personality. The word personality originates from the Greek word persona, which means mask. It is notably interesting to be knowledgeable about the theatres of the ancient Latin-speaking world, wherein the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but rather was a convention employed to represent or typify that character. An individual personality may be defined as the total pattern of characteristic ways of thinking, feeling ad behaving that constitute the individuals distinctive method of relating to the environment (Kagan and Havemann 1976) Personality is a very comprehensive concept yet it is very individualistic and unique by itself. Personality of an individual is determined by the way they perceive or react to the world outside them. In order to interpret a personality, it is very important to find out what motivates them, take into consideration their thinking process, their way of reacting to situations. The process of personality thus integrates the processes of perception, motivation and learning. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991) Personality, predominantly, are of two extreme types of personality; extrovert and introvert. However of late there is a third term which is in vogue; ambivert, used for personalities that fall between extrovert and introvert. A lay mans description of introverts personality is described as a person who is shy, lacks social skills, will not talk, is withdrawn and unfriendly. However, Introversion is not the same as shyness, though introverts may also be shy. Introverts choose solitary over social activities by preference, whereas shy people avoid social encounters out of fear. (Whitten 2001) Myers Briggs says an introvert derives energy from his or her internal world of emotions and ideas. (CIO 1995). Introverts may not necessarily be silent people but people who remain silent by choice. They are sometimes quiet, introspective (reflective) and appreciate order. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991). Introverts have always been criticized of being lonely, shy etc. Its worth mentioning Marti Laney description of an introvert as someone who is a good listener, who enjoys time alone, appears calm and is self contained. Introversion is not the same as shyness, though introverts may also be shy. Introverts choose solitary over social activities by preference, whereas shy people avoid social encounters out of fear. The various characteristics of an introvert personality have been studied and debated with various conclusions. However a few characteristics are a vital and cannot be overlooked as a characteristic. The characteristic of an introvert brings out a process of their emotions, thoughts, and observations internally. Many a time introverts are found to be social people; but reveal less than extroverts do. Introverts take their time to think before they respond or react in a given situation, and develop their ideas by reflecting privately. Introverts personality traits are in general passionate, but not aggressive. In short, they are more private, and less public. However at workplace, when boss or a senior asks for the status or an explanation for a pending assignment, it will be considered impertinent on the part of an employee to be silent. The employee is expected to speak up and be answerable. It is highly empirical that an introvert will not be selected or cannot sustain a job involving public contact. Silence will not be granted for introversion of an individual. Some introverts arent stereotypically shy and can strike up conversations with anyone; they do talk and listen to people. However, most introverts avoid striking a conversation with someone. In comparison to out going natured people, Introverts lack the tactic of talking up by themselves. Theyd rather have meaningful conversations about the depths of human souls and minds, but find few opportunities (those arent the usual conversations at work during regular briefings or board room meetings). While working in a company any good role involving public contact, it is a part of the normal routine to make presentations. Introversion of an individual will make the audience of the presentation raise questions on the ability of the individual. This can result in high levels of demotivation and can result in side lining of the employee during presentations.

Why Vacation Can Make You a Better Worker

Why Vacation Can Make You a Better Worker The best and most dedicated workers are the ones who blaze through weekends chained to email and log countless hours during non-office hours, right? Not necessarily! A constant grind with no mental and physical breaks can often wear away at you, taking away from your productivity.  Longer hours don’t necessarily mean better work–especially if you’re overtired and overwhelmed. Enrich YourselfIn order to be a good employee, you need to be the best version of yourself. Allotted time for you to do nothing but rest and rejuvenate will amp up your energy. You’ll have the chance to spend quality time with loved ones, see new places, and hopefully even sleep in without setting an alarm clock. When you return to your workplace, you’ll be relaxed and ready to take on projects that might have previously seemed overwhelming.Enrich Your CompanyCompanies want well-rounded workers who are happy, energetic, and able to attack work with creativity. Managers know t hat when employees are happy and in good health, they take fewer sick days and give 100% of themselves on a daily basis. Vacation time is built into most contracts for a reason–you deserve a break from all the hard work you put in.If you’re allotted vacation time, you should take it–you and your company will both reap benefits from your time away.

In the movie lions for lambs write an essay of argument in which you

In the movie lions for lambs write an of argument in which you assert your position on Americas future if the population continues to avoid involvement in politics and public affairs - Essay Example Despite the presence of many followers in political rallies conducted by popular political figures, there are more individuals – on the back end – who couldn’t care less, are less concerned and would just like to go on with their normal routine of getting on with their personal, family and work lives and not be bothered by other issues which are â€Å"not really their problem†. But what about the overall picture? Americas future is certainly doomed if it continues to avoid involvement in politics and public affairs, hence, it is recommended that more active participation should take place among its citizenry. This is exactly the subject that is brought forward in the movie Lions for Lambs, a 2007 movie directed by Robert Redford. From the movie’s title, you wouldn’t have the faintest idea what the movie is really about unless you get to see the film from beginning to end. Some argue that the film is preachy is more ways than one since it is a hackneyed topic (about war) and the discussions between Senator Jasper Irving (Tom Cruise) and the popular journalist Janine Roth (Meryl Streep), plus the dialogues between Professor Stephen Malley (Robert Redford) and his students Todd, Arian and Ernest seem to just go on and on in circles. Nevertheless, the film’s climax when Arian and Ernest stand up bravely to meet their end in enemy territory is the film’s saving grace, and is remarkably one of the film’s more unforgettable highlights. In spite of the film’s flaws, the issue of apathy in society is a significant concern which this movie raises and which actually requires urgent attention. In the face of the seemingly never-ending battle for supremacy in these Middle East territories, the US still continues to forge on with the arms race and assert its continuing existence in the region. The war issue has become an everyday fare with regards to the

The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde - Essay Example He reveals the hypocrisy of the member of his society through the contradicting actions of the same person. Without law there is no crime. Law is about norms and the societal standards of what is considered good or bad in a particular community. This is a society in which the doctor was highly regarded. He was respected by all and this can be verified by the attitude of Utterson who is even concerned by what the doctor had written in his will. It is common knowledge that for every right and privilege that one enjoys there is attached responsibility. The doctor was overwhelmed by the responsibility attached to his title. He was supposed to be gentle, genuine, intellectual and a gentleman as such. Deep inside, he wanted to engage in activities that can be considered wild and may not well have been compatible to his title and status in the society. He is unable to engage in these wild dreams because of his conscious which dictates his action according to the expectations of the society of his status. As a result, he is unable to engage due to guilt. To be able to satisfy his fantancy and at the same save face for his original personality, he sets up a concoction that changes his personality at will and engages in his dreams. In His induced personality, Edward Hyde is reckless and is not as caring as is expected of a physician. In this state, he tramples upon a little girl and the scene is witnessed by Enfield. This indicates his hypocrisy in his original personality. As a physician, he would not have been expected to undertake such an act. Hyde is a major suspect. Through all the acts that Hyde is able to accomplish without the suspicion leading to the â€Å"Good Doctor† we are able to see that as much as the doctor enjoyed evil deeds likewise he enjoyed the prestige associated with the personality that ironically he felt bound to. In anonymity of the strange personality and secrecy of not being known as the culprit the doctor’s

Oklahoma City Essay Example for Free

Oklahoma City Essay This paper will describe the historical geography of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma’s states capital. There are several sections to this assignment, which starts with the original settlers in this city, their motivation to inhabit the area and research on their ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds. The paper then progresses to describe the economy basis in the early years, its development over the years and the changes in the population, socio-economic, physical and cultural background, which appeals to tourists. At the finale of this essay, they will be a segment which highlights the well-known personalities which were born in Oklahoma City and their corresponding achievements. It took approximately 100 years from its day of birth on April 22 1889 for Oklahoma City to be the metropolitan it is today. Oklahoma was first recorded in history in the year 1541, when they were the home to Plains Indian tribe, consisting of Osage, Kiowa, Apache and Comanche (Gibson, 1965). Subsequently, in the year 1803, the United States purchased Oklahoma as a piece of the Louisiana Purchase. Seventeen years later, the federal government forced the Five Civilized Tribes to leave their homeland in southeastern United States, such as Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi River to other parts of the country, namely Oklahoma. Gibson (1965) in his book Oklahoma: The History of Five Centuries also detailed the Trail of Tears in 1838 in which many men, women and children were forced to walk a torturous journey to Oklahoma, and some even lost their lives. Here we notice the changeover of settlers from the Plains Indians Tribe to the Five Tribes and upon this settlement, Oklahoma became an Indian Territory. Cultural, Ethnic Religious Background The Five Tribes relied primarily on maize agriculture, fishing and hunting. Households generally included the extended families with kinship based on matrilineal clean system. Temple architectures, ceremonial centers and elaborate rituals such as the Corn Dance existed, as a tribute to the growing of corn and respect to the Sun. They also made traditional crafts such as coiled pottery, natural fiber blankets and articles of shaped copper (Stein Hill, 1993). The next settlers who made Oklahoma their home were the cowboys. Coming from their home in Texas, they were out to sell beef to the East Coast where there was a huge demand for it. They soon realized that that fastest way to get to their final destination was to cut through Oklahoma, which was not only closer to the railroads; it was also an excellent location to rear cattle. The cowboys began to research and found out that there was a piece of land which was not a part of the Indian Territory: the Unassigned Lands. Finally on April 22 1889, President Benjamin Harrison signed a legislation that opened up the 2 million acres of Unassigned Lands to these settlers. Oklahoma was officially the nation’s 46th state on November 16 1907, when the Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory merged (Baird, 1994). Economical and Social Development Oklahoma City started with approximately 10,000 people in 1800’s, and a drastic increase to 718737 in 1970, and 1,143,404 people in 2005. By the year 1900, Oklahoma Territory had slightly more than 19,000,000 acres which were used for cultivation. Oklahoma’s another source of income started off with agriculture, which begin in a small way and in the early 1900’s, nearly every farmer owned cattle which they could sell for an annual income and also for supply for food. This immense development in agriculture and stock rising fascinated many people from the neighboring states (Dale Wardell, 1948). Many believed that oil was the main reason for the influx in people and money, from the early 1900 till sometime around the 1960s. The City suffered the biggest hit in the 1960s’ when the oil supply started to draw to a close. After the oil-dominated days, Oklahoma City started to diversity with a great selection of businesses, such as agriculture, aviation, healthcare and manufacturing. Among the facts to illustrate Oklahoma’s high points is that it is the home to approximately 150 Fortune 500 facilities, such as ATT, Sonic, OGE Energy and Oklahoma Publishing Company. Oklahoma is also the largest tire producing state in the country, and Oklahoma’s Aviation and Aerospace industry employs over 143000 employees and generates 10% of the states industrial output (First Commercial Real Estates Corporation, 2003). Being the nations major processing centers for an assortment of ranch products, the metropolis is abode to the worlds prime stocker and feeder cattle market. Farm animals are also big industry in Oklahoma City, extending back to the state’s days as a key cattle center and access to westward development. The city is known as the Horse Show Capital of the World for the nine major national and international horse shows held annually. Further current and upcoming businesses include fabricated metal, computers, clothing lines, oil-field gears, crude oil, distribution and food processing. Oklahoma City’s Current Landscape Oklahoma City Museum of Art and Oklahoma National Memorial and Museum are the two most prominent tourist attractions today. The storyline for the museum represents the instances following to the bombing, investigation and capture of bomber, Timothy McVeigh. Tourists also get to revisit another piece of history at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum which has a huge collection of materials from the Wild West, pictures and monuments and the Rodeo Hall of Fame. The Frontier City in Oklahoma is a rebuilt 1880s Oklahoma settlement and an amusement park. It has more than 50 rides, such as roller coasters and water rides. It also prides itself with the live shows and musical reviews. Personalities from Oklahoma City There are numerous personalities who were born or lived Oklahoma city, amongst them are James Garner, Bill Goldberg, Vince Gill, Tisha Campbell, Thomas P Stafford, Shannon Miller, Dennis Weaver and Ralph Ellison (Wikipedia, 2007). For the purpose of this paper, three personalities will be highlighted: James Garner, Shannon Lee Miller and Tisha Campell-Martin. James Garner is a well-known actor who has starred in films including The Great Escape and the Americanization of Emily. He was also the proud owner of American International Racers (AIR) from 1967 to 1969 (Alvey, 2007). Shannon Lee Miller is gymnast from Oklahoma who has won more than 15 medals. Miller does Oklahoma City proud by being the first and only American gymnast to be the World All-Around Champion for two consecutive years from 1993. However in 2000, she broke her leg and lost out on an opportunity to be in the Olympic team for the third time. Since then, Miller has turned to the academics and is currently pursuing a degree in law (People Magazine, 2006) . Tisha Campbell-Martin, the â€Å"My Wife and Kids† fame was born in Oklahoma City, but grew up in Newark and subsequently entered the show-business with several notable performances. She enrolled in the American Film Institute and the Writer’s Boot Camp to expand on her current skillsets and went on to produce a short film titled ‘A Luv Tale’ which won the Audience Choice Award in the Black Hollywood Film Festival. She and husband Duane Martin currently reside in California with their six year old son. Campbell has now ventured into writing- her latest projects being a cookbook and a novel (IMDB, 2007).

Djuna Barnes: A Forgotten Ferocity of the 1920s Essay example -- puzzl

Djuna Barnes was an outspoken and fiercely witty modernist writer of the 1920’s. She was known for her somewhat puzzling writing, her bravery when it came to her own journalism, and her everyday intense persona. She is a figure that, one would think, would have never been forgotten, yet with time, and somewhat by her own doing, she has faded into the background of the 1920’s writers. So much so that, â€Å"Barnes once described herself as 'the most famous unknown writer', and this was an astute remark.† (Loncraine.) Barnes was born in 1892, in New York state to her mother and her eccentric Father (who was rather fond of polyamory). She lived in a home with her Grandmother, Father, Mother, her Father’s Mistress, and her brothers and sisters. She and her sibling were never formally schooled, but instead taught by their Grandmother, whose description in Rebecca Loncraine’s article, lends an understanding to Djuna’s unique personality, The Barnes children were all educated at home, largely by their grandmother, Zadel Barnes, who was a suffragist, journalist and spirit medium. Barnes's childhood was not happy, and it haunted her writing. (Loncraine) After the separation of her parents, in 1912, she with her Mother and brothers, moved to New York City. She studied at the Pratt Institute of art, until financial troubles forced her to look for work to support her family and her grandmother’s failing health. She is said to have walked into the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and announced, â€Å"I can draw and write, and you’d be a fool not to hire me,† a bold statement that landed her a job in journalism, where her career as a soon to be modernist would begin to flourish. Just as her statement that landed her the job was bold, so was her approach to writ... ...er writer in Paris in the 1920s. For Joyce presented Miss Barnes in 1923 with the original manuscript of Ulysses containing all of it’s annotations. Works Cited: Loncraine, Rebecca. "Djuna Barnes: an unknown modernist: Rebecca Loncraine introduces Djuna Barnes, one of America's least known and most intriguing Modernist writers." The English Review 15.3 (2005): 34+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. Field, Andrew, and Andrew Field. Djuna, the Formidable Miss Barnes. Austin: University of Texas, 1985. Print. Bombaci, Nancy. "â€Å"Well Of Course, I Used To Be Absolutely Gorgeous Dear†: The Female Interviewer As Subject/Object In Djuna Barnes's Journalism." Criticism 44.2 (2002): 161-185. Art Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 7 Apr. 2014. Barnes, Djuna. The Book of Repulsive Women: 8 Rhythms and 5 Drawings. Los Angeles, CA: Sun & Moon, 1994. Print.

The Role of Classroom Interaction in a Primary Level Classroom

The function of schoolroom interaction in a primary degree schoolroom has been the centre of focal point in many surveies conducted in this field. Most of the surveies were carried out by western research workers in which the schoolroom interaction was critically studied to happen its impact on the future mentality / public presentation of a pupil. These surveies cover assorted spheres of schoolroom interaction covering teacher-student and peer-peer interaction. Since we have a curious socio-economic apparatus in Pakistan which differs from the western civilizations, there is null that needs to be filled up by analyzing a schoolroom interaction in the model of the predominating teaching civilization of our state. Furthermore, in our civilization learning profession has ne'er been of premier importance instead professions like technology, medical or being a pilot in PAF is more preferable. This has resulted in encephalon drain in the instruction profession. Young alumnuss who do non happen any occupation, bend to the learning profession as a last resort. Furthermore, in the socio-economic apparatus of our state instruction is a low-income profession, which force instructors to merely go through the category room clip learning nil, and have their ain tuition centres to learn at eventides. Additionally the pupils from the less fortunate backgrounds find it hard to prosecute in peer-peer interaction or have violent attitudes in class-room interaction which, at times, proves counter-productive. This survey aims to research kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room and outlines a scheme to work out this job.Statement of ProblemTo analyze category room interaction in a primary category room environment.Scope of StudyThis survey will place the cardinal factors that contribute to category room interaction in a primary degree category room. It will besides individual out hindrances being faced by schools in Pakistan to heighten category room interaction. This survey may be used as a helpful usher in explicating a composite policy towards heightening category room interaction in the school systems in Pakistan.Significance of this SurveyAfter independency in 1947, no serious idea was of all time given to construction our educational system on a solid and balance, exhaustively worked out termss that should bring forth a regiment of good groomed, socially confident and focussed work Equus caballuss to turn to the intensifying issues of a freshly born p rovince. Quiet opposed to that a fire combat policy, non wholly sing the socio-religious and the socio-economic background of the people, was the chief drive force behind preparation of our instruction policy. This resulted in state of affairs where the intelligent and bright pupils from a university would stop up using for occupations other so the instruction professions and finally the rejected batch found a topographic point in our schooling system as instructors where they would vent off their egocentric and societal want on their pupils. This survey would try to bring out the fact that deficiency of category room interaction is because of inept and incapable instructors. Furthermore, if any efforts to relieve the category room interaction are done, so the deficiency of vision by such instructors proves to be the chief hindrance. This survey would be a valuable service to the society and the state and will function the intent to be a guide line in explicating a composite instruction policy to eliminate the defects of the present twenty-four hours primary school system. This instruction policy can be implemented for both the populace every bit good as private sector schools.Literature ReviewBoth Kenneth and Bruffee ( 1984 ) have observed that the degree of pupils ‘ engagement in schoolroom interaction is straight relative to the grade of instructor ‘s engagement. They have farther outlined that the most direct manner to make category room interaction is that the instructor follow the rules of collaborative acquisition in which the instructor prepares a acquisition job or undertaking and so delegate little groups of pupils to work out the job collaboratively. Teachers ‘ engagement in schoolroom interaction was besides advocated by Hill ( 1969 ) who opines that the instructor ‘s function is most of import in planing the undertaking. Once groups have begun work, the instructor should make no more than unobtrusively supervise the procedure because the group needs to decide the procedure themselves. Prediction of human behavior under a peculiar set of fortunes have been studied by assorted research workers which conclude that human head tend to larn fast when acquisition is conducted in groups. Meyers ( 1986 ) besides pointed out that larning is fast provided the collaborative undertakings are decently designed.|3|Research QuestionsThe survey shall take to the reply the followers: – ( a ) Is the category room interaction in our schooling system degrading or is reforming? ( B ) How strongly the instructor ‘ behavior towards heightening the category room interaction at primary degree category room affects the overall response of the pupils. ( degree Celsius ) How long will it take to reform the category room interaction job in our schooling system?HypothesisThe survey is based on the undermentioned hypothesis: – â€Å" Incapable instructors are the chief ground why category room interaction is non prevailing in our primary category room environment. †Definition of Key Words/ FootingsIn this survey, following nomenclatures are used and explained below. ( a ) Peer-peer Interaction: This term signifies all interactions that occur between the participants of common age groups i.e. pupils of the same category in a school. ( B ) Socioeconomic Index. Socioeconomic index of a instructor is a composite appraisal of his instruction and wealth whereas for a pupil it is based on the business, instruction and wealth of his parents. ( degree Celsius ) Collaborative Learning: Collaborative acquisition means planing larning undertaking or job by the instructor which is so handed over to the pupils to work out collaboratively. ( vitamin D ) Analysis of variance: A Analysis of Variance is a aggregation ofA statistical theoretical accounts and associated processs in which the observedA varianceA in a peculiar variable is classified into constituents which can be attributed to assorted beginnings of fluctuation.Research MethodologyA intercrossed theoretical account consisting of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss will be employed for informations acquisition for this survey because it tend to execute better in set abouting any research. For this intent, questionnaires and interviews of the pupils and instructors will be the chief beginning of informations assemblage. Population and Sampling. The population for this research will be the pupils and instructors of the selected schools. This survey will include pupils and instructors of primary degree, both from private schools every bit good as public sector schools. From private sector Beacon House and City School have been chosen and from the populace sector, F.G. School and Army Public School have been chosen. All of these schools are situated in Karachi, Hyderabad and Nawab Shah country. A sum of 30 schools dwelling of 20 private and 10 public sector owned schools have been chosen. Sample size will consists of 15 pupils and 20 instructors from public sector school whereas 10 pupils and 15 instructors will organize up the sample size from the private sector schools. The entire sample size will be 950 that will include 550 instructors and 400 pupils in all. Research Instruments. As outlined earlier, this research will follow a loanblend theoretical account which is a combination of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss. Following the traditions of qualitative methodological analysis, in the flesh interviews with both the pupils and instructors will be conducted. The instructors will be asked the grounds for worsening category room interaction and what are the salary construction that is being followed in prevalent schools. The pupils will be asked to sketch the grade of interest/ counsel provided by a certain instructor. To cover up the quantitative sphere, questionnaires will be used for informations assemblage. The questionnaire will be given to both instructors and pupils. The instructors will foreground their income inside informations, the figure of household member they have to back up, their matrimonial position, the educational makings they have, did they follow the instruction profession by wil l or by irresistible impulse. The pupil will be subjected to reply inquiries such as the educational degree of their parents and the income or household wealth. Two separate questionnaires will be prepared ; one for the instructors and one for the pupils. The questionnaire for instructors should be prepared in such a manner as non to pique them, and for the pupils it should be prepared harmonizing to the comprehension degree of the pupils. In both instances it should be a combination of multiple pick inquiries ( MCQs ) and make full in the clean type of questionnaire. The interviews required will be 15-20 proceedingss long for the pupils and 20-25 proceedingss long for the instructors.Plan of Data Analysis18. ROOTS and SPSSA ( Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ) package bundles will be used for the information analysis. These package bundles provide Descriptive statistics, Bivariate statistics, anticipation for results and anticipation for placing groups which helps in effectual informations analysis. Statistical theoretical accounts like ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) will be used to analyse lending factors across the instructors and pupils groups belonging to different socio-economic groups. Recursive abstraction and mechanical techniques will be employed for the qualitative analysis. Bar charts, Pie charts and Histograms will be used for statistical comparing of informations.Validity and Reliability19. Interviewer documentation and equal debriefing will be used as a method of set uping the cogency of qualitative analysis whereas the questionnaires distributed among the selected schools shall organize up the quantitative analysis.Ethical Considerations20. The research will be carried out in such a mode that confidentiality of all of the information is purely ensured. This will be done by nearing the direction of the selected schools. They will be taken into assurance on the purpose and the principle behind the research. The participants of the survey will be provided full confidentiality by maintaining their names confidential. Furthermore, entree to the information of this survey will be provided to the pa rticipants of the survey merely.Summary of the Proposal21. The intent of this research is to analyze the kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room. The survey was based on the premise that category room interaction in a primary degree category room is affected by multiple factors. These factors include socio-economic standing of the instructors, the ability/competency degree of the instructors and the socio-economic standing of the pupils. Among these the first two are the premier factors in finding the overall degree of the category room interaction. The research theoretical account employed for informations assemblage and analysis is a mixture of both the quantitative and qualitative methods. For the intent of this survey, the population will be defined as all the instructors and pupils of the selected schools of primary degree educational section of Pakistan enrolled. Sample size will be 900 that shall include 500 instructors and 400 pupils from 30 different private and public schools.Time Activity Chart22. Research shall be conducted for continuance of six months, with consequence from 01 October, 2011 boulder clay 01 April, 2012. Timelines for assorted activities of the research are as follows: –Datas AnalysisUndertakingTable 1: Time Activity ChartFinalization of participants30Time line ( Weeks )Result FinalizationReading trials, questionnaire readying272421183691215

Sandy Hook Elementary Paper

On December 14, 2012, 20-year-old Adam Lanza fatally shot twenty children and six adult staff members in a mass murder at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. It was the second deadliest mass shooting by a single person in American history, after the 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre. At some point before Adam Lanza, 20, arrived at school, he killed his mother Nancy Lanza. He grabbed three guns from the house – a semi-automatic AR-15 assault rifle and 2 pistols – and went to the elementary school wearing black fatigues and a military vest. Classes were under way at the school.Approximately 700 students were present (CNN, 2012). Earlier this year, the school principal, Dawn Lafferty, ordered a new security system installed that required visitors to be visibly identified and buzzed in. As part of the security system, the school locked its doors each day at 9:30 a. m. The door was locked when the gunman arrived. Authorities now know the gunman used â€Å"an ass ault weapon† to â€Å"literally (shoot) an entrance into the building (CNN, 2012). When Principal Lafferty heard loud pops, she, school psychologist Mary Sherlach and Vice Principal Natalie Hammond went out to investigate.Only Hammond returned from the hallway alive. She was wounded. At 9:30 a. m. , as announcements were read over the loudspeaker to the students, shots were heard across the school. Students described being ushered into bathrooms and closets by teachers after hearing the first shots (CNN, 2012). Lanza moved toward two classrooms of kindergartners and first-graders, police said. In one classroom was Lauren Rousseau, a substitute teacher who was filling in for a teacher out on maternity leave. The gunman shot all 14 students in the classroom, law enforcement officers said (CNN, 2012).In another classroom, Victoria Soto, 27, moved her first-grade students away from the door. The gunman burst in and shot her, according to the father of a surviving student. Six stu dents were killed in that classroom. At the police station, dispatchers began to take calls from inside the school. Officers say the first emergency call about the shooting came in at 9:30 a. m. Police and other first responders arrived on scene about 20 minutes after the first calls. Police report that no law enforcement officers discharged their weapons at any point.The gunman took his own life, police said. He took out a handgun and shot himself in a classroom as law enforcement officers approached, officials said. Twenty students, ages 6 and 7, and six adults were killed at the school. Police secured the building, ensuring no other shooters were on site. Police then escorted students and faculty out of the building to a nearby firehouse (CNN, 2012). As reports of the shooting made their way around town, frantic parents descended on the firehouse where the children had been taken.By nightfall, the firehouse became a gathering point for parents and family members whose loved ones would never walk out of the school (CNN, 2012). The shootings prompted renewed debate about gun control, the ban of certain types of semi-automatic firearms and magazines as well as the effect violent video games have on society. Senator Dianne Feinstein of California introduced legislation that would ban the sale and manufacture of 157 types of semi-automatic weapons, as well as magazines holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition.The goal of the bill, she said, is â€Å"to dry up the supply of these weapons over time. † Unfortunately Senator Feinstein’s bill was killed in the senate and no gun control laws passed (Steinhauer, 2013). The attention has also turned on restricting violent video games from being sold to children. Researchers found that typical college students who played violent video games for 20 minutes at a time for three consecutive days showed increasingly higher levels of aggressive behavior each day they played.Other researchers have conducted a com prehensive review of 136 articles reporting 381 effects involving over 130,000 participants around the world. These studies show that violent video games increase aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiological arousal (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure), and aggressive behavior. Violent games also decrease helping behavior and feelings of empathy for others. The effects occurred for males and females of all ages, regardless of what country they lived in (Whitaker & Bushman, 2012). The effects of these games go beyond making players more aggressive.People who played first-person shooting games were more accurate than others when firing a realistic gun at a mannequin and more likely to aim for and hit the head. Gender is also an issue when it comes to violence. Males are largely responsible for more than 99% of mass shootings. Being a male does not mean that one will become a killer but being a male in a culture that has some measure of gender inequality and links masculinity wit h violence does make it likely. (Raskoff, 2013) To date, no women have perpetrated such mass killings using guns.Women are usually less socially isolated than men. They are raised to be more connected to others and to share their issues while men are encouraged to figure things out on their own and hold in their emotional distress. (Raskoff, 2013) Social class is also relevant when analyzing why these mass shootings occur. The shooters tend to be young men from middle or upper middle class backgrounds. This could explain the access they have to legal automatic weapons, along with their invisibility to law enforcement and the hyper visibility to the media.Vandalism or acting out behaviors are perceived and dealt with differently at the different social classes. Shootings occur much more in working class or poverty stricken. (Raskoff, 2013) According to recent research, a link has been suggested between anti-depressant pharmaceuticals, depression and violence. Antidepressants are supp osed to make people feel happier and more at ease, but a study has linked several prescription antidepressants to an increased risk of violent behavior, including physical assault and homicide. In addition, they can lead to addiction and serious withdrawal symptoms.The United Kingdom has banned nearly all antidepressants in kids in 2004 due to the increased risk of suicide. The United States, however, is still allowing big Pharmaceutical companies to rake in the profits from these deadly, mind-altering drugs (Dr. Mercola, 2008). Entertainment is also an issue when it comes to violence. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, television programs display 812 violent acts per hour. Further, the typical American child will view more than 200,000 acts of violence, including 16,000 murders, before they turn 18 (Chou, 2013).According to Jane Brown, a professor at the University of North Carolina, The more violence children see in the media, the more violent vi deo games they play, the more likely they are to be aggressive in their own lives. She adds that watching the movie â€Å"Kill Bill† may not make people want to kill someone in real life, but young people who are naturally aggressive see violence in the media and think it's an appropriate way to solve conflict (Chou, 2013). There are many different factors that contribute to violence and we need to address them in order to curb the amount of murders and shootings in the United States.

A Bear of Very Many Words Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary

A Bear of Very Many Words Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary A Bear of Very Many Words: Winnie-the-Pooh in the Dictionary Did you know that today, January 18, was A. A. Milne’s birthday? To mark this, people around the world are celebrating Milne’s much-loved creation, Winnie-the-Pooh. And for Winnie-the-Pooh Day this year, we thought we’d take a quick look at the language of Pooh. Pooh and friends. But what can a bear of very little brain offer the English language? More than you might expect! In fact, if we look at the Oxford English Dictionary, Pooh and his friends pop up a few times†¦ 1. Pooh-Sticks Perhaps the most obvious bit of Pooh in the dictionary comes with â€Å"pooh-sticks.† This is the game that Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends play by dropping sticks into a river on the upstream side of a bridge. The contestants then rush to the other side to see whose stick emerges first. This might not sound like a competitive sport, but the World Poohsticks Championships have been taking place in England for 35 years now! Pooh-sticks in action.(Photo: Malc McDonald) 2. Eeyore and Tigger Among Pooh’s friends in the Hundred Acre Wood, Eeyore and Tigger stand out for their contributions to the English language. Eeyore, the downbeat donkey, appears in the OED as a term for a â€Å"pessimistic, gloomy, or habitually disconsolate person† (or you can use the adjective â€Å"Eeyore-like, if you prefer). A â€Å"Tigger,† on the other hand, is defined as an â€Å"exuberant, energetic, and cheerful person.† The famously bouncy tiger has also inspired two adjectives: â€Å"Tiggerish† and â€Å"Tigger-like.† It seems, then, that Winnie-the-Pooh offers terms for people of very different temperaments! 3. Heffalumps and Woozles In A. A. Milne’s writing, heffalumps and woozles are (possibly imaginary) creatures that steal honey. And since Winnie-the-Pooh is really, truly very fond of honey, he has to be wary of these sneaky beasts! The words â€Å"heffalump† and â€Å"woozle,† and the creatures’ appearances, are based on the English words â€Å"elephant† and â€Å"weasel,† respectively. But outside of Milne’s writing, â€Å"heffalump† has become a playful word for real-life elephants (or sometimes, less politely, larger human beings). Sadly, the word â€Å"woozle† hasn’t yet made it into the dictionary. However, it has inspired the term â€Å"woozle effect.† This is based on the story of Pooh and Piglet mistaking their own footprints for those of a woozle, then chasing themselves in circles in a hunt for something that doesn’t exist. In the real world, the â€Å"woozle effect† occurs when a misleading or unsubstantiated idea is repeated and republished often enough that people start believing it (or chasing their own footprints, so to speak). So while â€Å"woozle† isn’t in the dictionary yet, it still might appear there one day!

Alcohol Consumption Interventions

Alcohol Consumption Interventions To investigate how interventions may work we will look at the effects of alcohol consumption on individuals and populations, and draw attention to the search for policies that protect health, prevent health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and disability, and address the social problems associated with the misuse of alcohol consumption. What alcohol policy is why it is needed, which interventions are effective, how policy is made, and how scientific evidence can inform the policy-making process? Also looking at why the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. We will access the policy responses that are considered to reduce alcohol consumption: alcohol taxation, legislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, school-based education, community action programs, and treatment interventions. Considering the i nfluence of environments that people live in, effects of cultures and social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol. The value of population thinking in alcohol policy, and its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, and the ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing will be examined to illustrate its effects on consumption, cultures and social norms. We will show that more evidence is needed to progress education as a viable intervention. Showing evidence that the majority of the population, alter their damaging drinking through the phenomenon of spontaneous remission , maturing out or self change. It is good practice to learn from the past to plan for the future, the control of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, has been around for thousands of years, such as requiring that all wine be diluted with water before being sold, these were devised by monarchs, governments, and the clergy to prevent alcohol-related problems. But it was not until the rise of modern medicine and the emergence of the world Temperance Movement in the 19th century that alcohol policy was first seen as a potential instrument of public health. Between 1914 and 1921, laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all or most forms of beverage alcohol were adopted in the United States, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Finland, and Russia (Paulson 1973). Most of these laws were repealed during the 1920s and 1930s, and replaced by less extreme regulatory policies. To view alcohol policies through the narrowly focused perspective of prohibition, however, is to ignore the fac t that most policy-making during the past century has been incremental, deliberate, and respectful of people’s right to drink in moderation.: Alcohol control policies in public health perspective (Bruun et al. 1975), Sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the monograph drew attention to the preventable nature of alcohol problems and to the role of national governments and international agencies in the formulation of rational and effective alcohol policies.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 64

Art - Essay Example Believers held that faith alone enable them to become accepted by God. They also taught scriptures (Kleiner 145). They refused to socialize with others at public events, did not eat sacrificial meals, and also refused to worship in roman temples. Jews and Judaism got tolerated in Rome pre-Constantine through a diplomatic treaty. The Jews shared various common beliefs and practices as those of pre-Constantine Rome. They were exempted from official roman sacrifices under different periods of roman rule under various conditions. Early Christians in Rome worshipped in private homes as congregational families in dwellings called ‘Tituli’ or Christian community house. In these dwellings the Christians would share dinner and remember the life of Jesus Christ. They would partake in the Eucharist, a Sermon given, and readings from the Old Testament would be shared. Jews also conducted their worship in similar fashion to Christians within private dwellings known as Jewish community houses. A further place of worship for early Christians was the ‘catacombs’, which were deep underground tunnels that served as burial places too (Kleiner 198). They offered a destination for intense pilgrimage for early Christians as well. Catacombs also served as meeting houses for persecuted Christian during the time. These dwellings in modern times can be viewed as the church for Christians and synagogues or temples for Jews. The Romanesque period of art and architecture was characterized by sacred rulers. The sacred nature of the rulers saw the art and architecture of the time become influenced by religion. The structure of Christian worship at the time was the church, which became viewed as a sacred building by the rulers (Kleiner 212). The Romanesque period saw an increase in the height and overall size of the church building. The roofs became vaulted and got supported by massive pillars, thick stone walls, and rounded arches. The creation of large